Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term (approximately 15 years) field experimentin the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), no tillage with straw removed (NT) and no tillage with straw retention (NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates (LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates (SA, 250-2000 μm), microaggregates (MA, 53-250 μm), and silt and clay (SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices (including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions (LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices (including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%-56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter (MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates (including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25-6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34-0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.     

生物有机肥对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性 及根系活力的影响

针对大量化肥长期施用对马铃薯田土壤造成的生物活性降低等问题，利用根际益生菌（PGPR）制成生物有机肥，通过盆栽试验，研究了不施肥（对照，CK）以及分别施化肥（CF）、普通有机肥（OF）和5种生物有机肥（BOF1，BOF2，BOF3，BOF4和BOF5）对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性和根系活力的影响。结果表明，在马铃薯的成熟期，5种生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量平均比CF及OF高52%和37%，微生物量碳比CF和OF处理平均增加了30%，其中以BOF3效果最明显,比其它生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量和微生物量碳增加达3%～7%和2%～7%；且土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性显著提高(P<0.05)，相比CF和OF，5种生物有机肥处理土壤酶活性的增幅为11%～114%；根系活力分别增加了265%和224%，块茎产量分别增加了16%和21%，根系活力和块茎产量的提高也以BOF3效果最明显，其根系活力比BOF5高出166%，其块茎产量比其它生物有机肥处理的增幅为5%～9%。说明生物有机肥有助于提高土壤的生物活性，改善马铃薯的根际环境，进而提高了马铃薯的根系活力，增加了马铃薯的块茎产量。     

水稻因土质施肥方法探讨

土壤质地是土壤的基本物理性质之一,反应土壤中不同大小直径成土颗粒的组成状况。不同质地土壤间养分含量、蓄水导水、保肥供肥、保温导热、耕性、微生物种类及其活动等性能的差异,影响肥料的固定、转化、吸收和流失,并影响作物的产量形成,进而形成区域性的肥料利用效率的差异。水稻肥料利用状况的改善一直是研究热点,但土壤质地对肥料利用和水稻生长的影响研究相对较少。本文简要介绍了不同质地土壤的养分状况和理化性质差异,分析了土壤质地对作物生长发育的影响;并在简要评价测土配方施肥技术的基础上,初步探讨了不同土质土壤的肥料高效施用方法。     

广西西北喀斯特不同植被不同土层的土壤颗粒有机质

以广西西北喀斯特地区不同植被(草丛、灌丛、原生林)生态系统表层(0～10 cm)及深层(70～100 cm)土壤为研究对象,采用热裂解–气相–质谱(Pyr–TMAH–GC/MS)技术,研究不同植被表层与深层土壤颗粒有机质(POM)的变化特征。结果表明:表层土壤的pH值、有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随植被的正向演替呈上升趋势;草丛表层土壤的有机碳、总磷和碱解氮含量均显著高于深层土壤的(P0.05);灌丛表层土壤的有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于深层土壤的(P0.05),灌丛表层土壤的pH值和总钾含量显著低于深层土壤的(P0.05);原生林表层土壤的总磷、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于深层土壤的(P0.05);随着植被的正向演替,土壤POM总量呈增加趋势,表层土壤POM总量显著高于深层土壤的;土壤POM热裂解产物类型主要有木质素类、酚类、芳烃、多环芳烃及脂类化合物,木质素类化合物仅存在于表层土壤,稠环芳烃(此处指除萘和茚外的多环芳烃)占比则随植被的正向演替呈下降趋势;植被显著影响POM总量和POM热裂解产物中对羟基苯基、稠环芳烃、脂肪酸、正构烯烃、萘、氰的占比,土层深度显著影响POM总量和POM热裂解产物中对羟基苯基、愈创木基、丁香酚基、茚、脂肪酸、酮、苯、烷基苯、酚类和氰的占比,植被与土层的交互作用显著影响POM热裂解产物中对羟基苯基、萜烯和脂肪酸的占比;POM总量与有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量呈显著正相关,与容重和总钾含量呈显著负相关,稠环芳烃与有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈显著负相关,且碱解氮和pH值显著影响POM化合物组成。可见,在喀斯特地区,土壤POM含量能反映土壤中潜在活性养分含量,可作为喀斯特地区评价不同植被恢复对土壤有机质库及土壤质量动态变化影响的敏感指标。     

不同施肥水平对金丝枣生长和品质的影响

为了研究不同施肥量对金丝枣树生长效应的影响，为辽宁朝阳地区金丝枣合理施肥提高依据。采用田间试验方法，研究不同施肥水平对2a生树龄的金丝枣枣园土壤、叶片SPAD值、单果重、果实横纵经、硬度等品质的影响。结果表明（1）肥料的施用能在一定程度上増加土壤中植物所需速效养分的含量，提高土壤养分含量。（2）适量的氮磷钾施肥水平能够增加果实横纵径和可溶性固形物含量，降低果实的有机酸含量，同时提高叶片的SPAD值。氮磷钾肥料的合理配合施用，能够提高肥料利用率，增加土壤养分含量，改善枣果品质。     

长三角地区设施蔬菜施肥现状及土壤性状研究

针对近年来长三角地区设施菜地规模化程度逐渐加剧,对规模化和分散型种植方式开展调研,阐明不同种植方式下的施肥现状、土壤理化性状的变化情况。本文采用调查问卷和现场取样的调查方法,在以上海市松江区和苏州市支塘镇为代表的规模化种植区以及以宜兴市周铁镇、常州市武进区为代表的分散型种植区开展有机肥和化肥的施肥情况调查,并分析土壤pH、EC以及土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等速效养分含量。结果表明,规模化种植方式周年肥料施用总量比分散型种植低17.8%,其中有机肥比分散型种植低843.8 kg/ha,化肥比分散型种植高34.5 kg/ha；与分散型种植方式相比,规模化种植周年投入的氮肥(N)低了41.8%,而磷肥(P₂O₅)和钾肥(K₂O)分别高了6.8%和38.3%。在土壤的理化性状上,规模化种植方式下的土壤酸化、盐渍化问题较分散型种植严重,土壤pH和电导率分别为5.2和490.7 μS/cm,土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾平均含量为286.3 mg/kg、322.3 mg/kg和374.2 mg/kg,比分散型种植分别高了123.9%、26.4%和68.7%。鉴于此,规模化种植区应大力推广叶面肥和有机水溶肥水肥一体化等减施增效措施,可能有利于维持规模化种植下设施土壤的可持续利用。     

Marker‐assisted parentage analysis reveals high individual selfing rates in tetraploid red clover genotypes selected for seed yield

Seed yield is a major breeding target in tetraploid red clover. We investigated if marker‐assisted parentage analysis can identify progeny plants with two high seed‐yielding parents in tetraploid red clover and if this technique is more advantageous than traditional half‐sib selection. Parentage analysis was successfully performed on the progeny from the 10% highest seed‐yielding genotypes from a second‐cycle family selection trial: 16.0% of progeny were identified with a high seed‐yielding father. However, progeny plants with two high seed‐yielding parents did not produce more seeds than traditionally selected progeny (27.3 g vs. 30.7 g/plant, respectively). The 10% highest seed‐yielding genotypes displayed on average 2% self‐fertilization. Four genotypes were self‐fertile with individual selfing rates up to 20%. Our results discourage the use of marker‐assisted parentage analysis to improve seed yield in tetraploid red clover when the material has been preselected for seed yield. Breeders should be aware that intensive selection for seed yield in tetraploid red clover may inadvertently lead to selection for increased self‐fertility, which may increase inbreeding in the long term.     

日粮补充苹果渣或有机矿对鹅生产性能、蛋品质及繁殖性能的影响

本研究旨在评估日粮单独添加苹果渣或补充苹果渣和有机微量元素对鹅生产、繁殖性能及蛋品质的影响。试验将产蛋期的360只鹅随机分为3组,每组120只(30只/重复),对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组分别饲喂苹果渣日粮和苹果渣+有机微量元素日粮,试验持续14周。结果:苹果渣补充或不补充有机矿较对照组显著提高了孵化率和仔鹅存活率(P<0.05),苹果渣+有机矿组较其他两组显著提高了蛋长度、蛋壳尖端和钝端厚度(P<0.05),但显著降低了蛋型指数、蛋壳重量和蛋黄重量(P<0.05)。日粮添加苹果渣同时补充有机矿较对对照组显著提高了鹅蛋中甘油二酯、胆固醇、胆固醇酯的含量(P<0.05),但苹果渣补充或不补充有机矿磷脂含量较对照组显著降低了13.17%和20.08%(P<0.05)。与苹果渣组相比,日粮添加苹果渣补充有机矿非酯化脂肪酸含量显著提高了31.76%(P<0.05)。结论:日粮添加苹果渣同时补充有机铜和锌可显著改善鹅的繁殖性能、蛋品质及蛋中脂肪组分。     

自动施肥系统开发与性能测试

目的 开发一种适应于以固态水溶肥为原料的自动施肥系统,测试分析自动施肥系统性能。方法 主控机采用ARM9电路控制模块可实现对轮灌编组、预搅拌时长、施肥开始与结束时间、施肥持续时长、施肥量等参数的设置;选择以蠕动泵为注肥装置,通过变频器控制注肥泵电机功率的方式控制注肥速率,控制施肥量。对装置核心部件搅拌器额定功率、计量方式、溶肥搅拌参数、排肥速度及固液相比例等主要参数等进行设计与测试。结果 电感脉冲计量方式标准误差最大值1.26%,误差小、性价比好,确定其为本装置采用的计量方式;搅拌器以1.5 Kw额定功率、38 r/min转速搅拌、肥液浓度在1.1~1.3 g/mL、预搅拌时间30 min时,罐内各液位输出肥液浓度值差异不显著(P< 0.05),达到对肥料浓度均匀性的设计要求。结论 将施肥开始前的预搅拌时间设为30 min、搅拌转速设为38 r/min、肥液浓度不高于1.3 g/mL,输出肥液浓度有较好的均匀性,实现精准施肥。